V in Dutch - Skip General Introduction

Pronunciation: Hear for Yourself

Adjectives in most positions get an -E  ending ‑>>
Several words appear twice on the page. I do not have an infinite number of recordings, and some combinations of letters are rarely or never found in Dutch.

Spelling and Pronunciation

• a double vowel is always 'long'
  (de) slaap ('sleep') - (de) vloot 2 ('fleet')
• a single vowel at the end of a word is always 'long' (except E)
  (de) sla ('lettuce') - (de) vlo 2 ('flea') - de 2 ('the' #1)
• a single vowel followed by one or more consonants at the end of a word is 'short'
  slap ('weak') - (het) vlot 2 3 ('raft')
• a single vowel followed by one consonant followed by another vowel is 'long.' (The syllables split is before the single consonant. This is somewhat like English 'silent E')
  slapen (sla-pen) ('to sleep) vloten (vlo-ten) 2 ('fleets')
• a single vowel followed by two or more consonants is 'short.' (The syllable break is between the consonants)
  slappe (slap-pe) ('weak') - vlotten (vlot-ten) 2 3 ('rafts')
  This rule 'works' for double consonants, but not always when the consonants are different
• The 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') is a problem ‑>>
• Diphthongs don't have 'short' and 'long' forms
• Vowels and diphthongs are a little longer when followed by R

mannen (man-nen) 2

(de) maan 2 ('moon')

manen (ma-nen) 2 3

'Long' and 'short' are traditional terms. The difference is actually more of tone than length
More about spelling and pronunciation - another version
Learn the Rules by Studying and Listening to Examples

Major Exceptions to the Phonetic Spelling of Dutch
- Page 1:   een   -IG   -ISCH   -LIJK  
- Page 2:   -B   -D   SCHR   -TIE   UW   WR

Hear the Dutch Letters in Hundreds of Words:
 AU/OU  CH  E  EI/IJ  EU  F  G  H  L  OE  SCH  U  UI  W  X  Y
'Master Lists' of Dutch words: Dutch to English - English to Dutch

V in Dutch - Hear for Yourself

(de) V 2 3
(de) T.V. ('T.V., television')
V&D ('V-en-D') 2 (former department store, closed 2016)
VOC ('Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie' - the Dutch East India Company)

Listen to a few Dutch V's:
(de) verstandsverbijstering ('brain shutdown')
vliegensvlug ([flying-fast] - 'very fast')
(de) vogelverschrikker ([bird-scsrer] - 'scarecrow')
in vogelvlucht 2 ('a bird's eye view')
voortvarend ('going ahead quickly, not hesitating')
(het) voorval 2 ('incident, occurrence')
vuurvast 2 ('fire-proof' - ceramics // 'insensitive to heat' - fingers, jocular)
(het) veevoer ('fodder,' animal food)
vieze vis ('bad-tasing fish')

in vuur en vlam ([in fire and flame} - 'full of enthusiasm')
in vliegende vaart ([at flying speed] - 'quickly, rapidly')
in volle vaart ('at full throttle, ~high speed')
in een ver verleden ('in a distant past')

vies en voos 2 ([dirty and dirty] - 'very dirty')
vis noch vlees 2 ('neither fish nor [meat] fowl')
vriend en vijand ('friend and foe')
vorst en vaderland 2 ('King and Country')
de vroede vaderen ('the wise fathers' - the (old) city government - or jocular) Vragen staat vrij 2 3 4 ('You're free to ask, feel free to ask') vorm of vent 2 3 4 ('structure or personality' - the shape of a narrative or the author's character - schools of literary criticism) Vrouw en vriend 2 ('Woman and Friend' - a novel by Anna Blaman)
more Dutch alliterations

You may have read about or noticed yourself that Dutch words don't end in V or Z, and that V and Z are not found before a consonant. It's an unusual mouth position for Dutch people. Dutch V and Z need to be followed by a vowel or diphthong. This means that you'll rarely (if ever) find a 'short' vowel before V or Z - but you will see the problematic 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') before V or Z, and occasionally a 'short' A, which is more often unexpectedly and exceptional 'short' ‑>>

Further Introducing the Sound

- (het) vat ('barrel,

- vaten 2 3 ('barrels,

- (het) vet ('fat'

- (de) veter 2 ('shoestring,

- vertellen 2 ('to tell')

- veulen ('a foal,

- vitten 2 ('to complain

- vitaal 2 ('vital')

- vijfvoud 2 3 ('five-

- (het) vod 2 3 4 ('rag')

- -voorde 2 (place

- voedzaam 2 3 ('nutritious')

- (de) vouw ('fold')

- (de) vut (early

- (het) vulles ('garbage'

- (het) vuur 2 ('fire')

- (de) vuist 2 ('fist')

- (het) avontuur 2 ('adventure') - (de) avond ('evening') - even 2 3 ('a moment' // 'equally, just as' // 'even' - numbers) - mevrouw 2 3 ('Mrs.' // "Ma'am") - (de) heuvel / heuvels 2 ('hill/hills') - (het) ivoor ('ivory') - ijverig 2 3 4 5 ('hard-working, diligent, industrious') - over 2 (many meanings!) - boeven 2 ('criminals' - often jocular) - Duvel (a Belgian beer brand) - snuiven 2 3 ('to sniff, sniffle')

Single Examples of the Letter Combinations

the: de 2 / het 2 3 - 't ->>
Plurals always take 'de'
a: (een) - 'n / one: één 2 3

- (het) vakje 2 3 ('pigeonhole, compartment') - vaag 2 / vaag/vage 2 ('vague') - vechten 2 ('to fight') - afvegen 2 3 ('to wipe off') - een verzetje 2 ('an amusement, a welcome interruption') - veilig 2 / veilig/veilige 2 ('safe, secure') - nerveus 2 ('nervous') - vinden 2 ('to find' // '~to think') - (het) individu 2 ('individual') - na vijven 2 ('after 5PM') - Vlaams / Vlaamse 2 ('Flemish') - vol / volle 2 ('full') - (de) vogel 2 ('bird') - plural: - vogels 2 3 4 5 ('birds') - (de) voeding 2 ('nutrition') - eenvoudig / eenvoudige 2 / eenvoudig/eenvoudige 2 ('simple, easy to solve') - (de) vraag 2 ('question') - vragen 2 ('to ask') - (de) vulkaan ('volcano') - (de) vuurdoop 2 ("baptism by fire") [(het)] vuil 2 ('dirt, garbage' // 'dirty') - vuile ('dirty') - vuil / vuile 2 ('dirty')

- (het) avontuur 2 ('adventure') - (de) lava 2 3 4 ('lava,' molten rock from a volcano) - ik heb veel geleerd 2 3 ('I have learned many things') - (de) pechvogel 2 ([bad-luck bird] 'a person who has much bad luck') - (de) goudverf 2 3 4 ('gold paint') - meevallen 2 ('turning out not to be as bad as expected') - (het) gevalletje 2 ('vey minor incident' // 'small contraption') - zeuven ('7' - old-fashioned) - (het) afval 2 ('garbage') - (het) vliegveld 2 ('airport') - (het) privilege 2 ('privilege') - (de) bijval 2 3 ('~support') - smaakvol ('tasteful, in good taste') - alvast 2 3 4 5 (~already, in advance, ~meanwhile') - (de) omvang 2 ('extent') - tegenvallen 2 3 4 ('to be worse than expected, to disappoint') - zoveel 2 3 4 ('so much, so many') - bedroevend 2 ('saddening') - (het) houvast 2 3 ('hold, grip,' "fixed point") - (het) soepvlees 2 ([soup meat] - 'stew beef') - vervelend ('annoying, irritating') - [(de)] reserve 2 3 ('spare') - (het) vriesvak 2 3 (freezer part of refrigerator) - (de) grootvader ('grandfather') - huiveren (2) ('to shiver, shudder from fear') - bouwvakkers 2 ('construction workers')

Many Examples

- first series: VA-VUI - second series: AV-ZV

the: de 2 / het 2 3 - 't ->>
Plurals always take 'de'
a: (een) - 'n / one: één 2 3

Repeat the words after me, try saying them like I do, and record yourself or ask a friend to compare how you say them with how I say them. Use as few or as many examples as you like.

VA	- (het) vaccin 2 ('vaccin' - French I) - (de) vacht 2 ('fur') - (het) vak 2 ('section, area // compartment // trade, profession // subject of study') - (het) vakje 2 3 ('pigeonhole, compartment') - (de) val ('fall' // 'trap') - vallen ('to fall') ‑>> - (het) afval 2 ('garbage, trash, refuse') - (de) inval 2 '(violent) incursion' (like by military or police) - (de) gevangene 2 ('prisoner') - (de) visvangst ("catch" of fish) - (het) aardvarken 2 3 ('aardvark') - (het) varken 2 3 ('pig') - vast / vaste 2 ('firmly fixed or attached, strongly connected') ‑>> - alvast 2 3 4 ('already, meanwhile') ‑>> - (het) vat ('barrel, cask, drum') - (het) handvat ('hand grip') - samenvatting 2 3 ('summary, abstract, synopsis') - van 2 ('of' // 'from' // 'by' ‑>> - vanavond 2 ('this evening' //'tonight')
VAA	- (de) lava 2 3 4 ('lava,' molten rock') - Eva 2 (a girls' name) - Alva 2 ('Spanish governor of The Low Countries at the start of the Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)) - (het) vacuüm 2 ('vacuum') - (de) vadem (old water depth measure) - (de) vader ('father') - vaag 2 / vaag/vage 2 ('vague') - vaak 2 3 ('often') ‑>> - hoe vaak? 2 ('how often?') - vaal / vale ('faded' - color) - (de) ovaal ('oval') - Vaals (a town) - (de) vaan ('banner' - old-fashioned) - (de) vaandrig 2 (army cadet officer) - (de) vaas 2 3 ('vase') - (het) gevaar ('danger') ‑>> - (de) ooievaar ('stork') - plural: - ooievaars 2 ('storks') - (de) vaart 2 ('momentum,' built-up speed) ‑>> - vaten 2 3 ('barrels, casks, drums') - (het) vaatje 2 ('small barrel, cask, keg') - vazen ('vases')
VAU	VAU hear VOU below
VE	- de Vecht 2 (a small river near Amsterdam) - vechten 2 ('to fight') ‑>> - Veghel (a town) - (het) vel ('skin') - (het) bevel ('command, order') - vervellen 2 ('to shed skin') - (het) veld ('field') - (het) veldje ('small field') - (de) velg 2 ('rim' of a wheel) - november ('November') - (het) ven ('mere,' small lake) - (de) venkel ('fennel' - a herb) - (het) venster ('window' - old-fashioned) - (de) vent ('guy' - slightly negative) - (het) ventje 2 3 ("little guy") - ver 2 3 / verre 2 3 ('far, distant') - (de) verf ('paint') - verven 2 ('to paint') - vergelijken 2 ('to compare') ‑>> - (de) verkoop ('selling, sale') - veruit 2 3 ('by far') - (het) vest 2 ('cardigan, wool or fleece jacket') - vet / vet/vette 2 ('fatty, greasy') - (het) vet ('fat' - vetten ('fats') - (de) servet 2 ('napkin') - (het) servetje 2 3 ('small napkin') niveau
VEE	- (het) vee 2 3 4 - (het) pluimvee 2 ([plumed cattle] - 'poultry, farm birds') - (de) veger ('broom') - vegetarisch 2 ('vegetarian') - vegeteren 2 3 ('to vegetate') - afvegen 2 3 ('to wipe off') - veel 2 3 / vele ('much, many') ‑>> - (het) veen ('peat land') - Veendam 2 (a town) - Veenstra 2 3 (a family name) - (de) veter 2 ('shoestring, shoelace') - plural: - veters 2 ('shoelaces') - (de/het) veer ('feather' // 'ferry' // 'spring' - tensile) - Veere (a town) - (de) veeteelt 2 3 ('animal husbandry,' cattle raising) - (het) veevoer ('fodder,' animal food) - vezels ('fibers, fiber')
VEuh	- (de) averij ('damage' - to ships) - (de) haver 2 ('oats') - even 2 3 ("a moment" // 'just as' // 'even' - numbers ‑>> - zeven ('7') - (de) heuvel ('hill') - plural: - heuvels 2 ('hills') - Leuven (a town in Belgium) - dieven 2 3 ('thieves') - liever 2 3 ('rather' - preference ‑>> - ijverig 2 3 4 5 6 ('diligent,' hard-working, industrious) - blijven 2 ('to remain, stay') ‑>> - drijven 2 3 ('to float' // 'to drive' - cattle etc.) - Nijvel 2 (a town in Belgium) - delven ('to mine, dig') - (het) zilver 2 3 ('silver') - golven 2 ('waves') - (de) envelop 2 ('envelope') - een verzetje 2 ('an amusement, a welcome interruption') - (de) oven ('oven') - over 2 (many meanings!) ‑>> - (doof 2 /) dove 2 ('deaf') - (grof 2 3) - grove 2 3 4 ('coarse, rude') - boven 2 ('above, up, on top of') ‑>> - hoven ('courts' // 'courtyards') - (het) lover ('leaves, foliage' - old-fashioned) ‑>> - (de) rover 2 3 ('robber') - (de) kervel 2 ('chervil' - a herb) - verven 2 ('to paint') - wervelen 2 ('to whirl, spin') - wervels ('vertebrae' - backbone disks) - zwerven 2 ('to roam') - (de) zwerver 2 ('tramp, hobo') - (de) curve 2 3 ('curve') - durven 2 (to dare) ‑>>
VEI	- veil ('of no value' - very old-fashioned) - veilig 2 / veilig/veilige 2 ('safe, secure') - veinzen ('to pretend' // 'to feign') - veinsde 2 ('pretended, feigned' - simple past singular)
VEU	- veulen ('a foal, young horse') - nerveus 2 ('nervous') - Veurne (a city in Belgium)
VI	- Victor (a boys' name) - Victorien (a girls' name) - David 2 (a boys' name) - (de) havik 2 ('hawk') - (het) vilt ('felt') - Vilvoorde 2 (a town in Belgium) - (de) vin ('fin') - Vincent (a boys' name) - vinden 2 ('to find' // '~to think') ‑>> - (de) vinger ('finger') - (de) vink ('finch' - a bird) - (de) vis ('fish') - (het) visje 2 3 4 ('a small or tasty fish') - (de) visvangst ("catch" of fish) - vitten 2 ('to complain about, find fault with someone')
VIE	- via ('via, by way of') - triviaal 2 ('trivial') - Vianen 2 (a town) - (het) vibrato 2 ('vibrato, tremolo' - music) - (het) individu 2 ('individual') - Servië (Serbia) - viel ('fell' - simple past tense singular of vallen 'to fall') ‑>> - (de) curvimeter ('curvometer' - tool for measuring distances on maps) - (de) viool ('violin') - Violet (a girls' name) - violet ('blue-purple') - vier ('4') - vierde 2 ('fourth') - één vierde ('¼ - one-fourth') - (de) rivier ('river') - plural: - rivieren ('rivers') - (het) virus ('virus') - vies vieze 2 3 / vies/vieze 2 ('dirty' // 'bad-tasting') ‑>> - (het) advies 2 ('advice, recommendation') - (de) visie 2 ('view, outlook, vision') - (het) visioen 2 ('vision, mental image') - (het) servies 2 3 ('crockery, china:' plates, cups & glasses) - (de) televisie ('television') - vitaal 2 ('vital') - (de) vitamine ('vitamin') - (de) vitrine 2 ('shop window, display case') - vieze 2 3 ('dirty' also see 'vies' above)
VIJ	- (de) vijand 2 ('enemy') - vijf ('5') - vijfde 2 ('fifth') - (de) vijg 2 ('fig') - (de) vijl (tool for shaping and smoothing) - na vijven 2 ('after 5PM') - (de) vijver ('pond') - (de) vijzel 2 ('mortar' - grinding bowl) VIJ also hear VEI above
VJ	- de Sovjetunie ('the Soviet Union, the USSR')
VL	- (de) vlag / vlaggen 2 ('flag'/'flags') - (het) vlak ('plane') - vlak / vlakke 2 ('flat') - (het) veelvlak 2 ('polygon') - (de) vlam ('flame') - (de) vla ('pudding' - cold, milk) - (de) vlaag 2 ('gust') - (de) vlaai ('fruit pie' - Limburg style) ‑>> - Vlaams / Vlaamse 2 ('Flemish') - Vlaardingen 2 (a town) - (de) vlecht 2 ('braid') - (de) vlek 2 ('stain, dirty spot') - (het) vlees ('meat') - (de) alvleesklier ('pancreas') - (de) vleugel ('wing' // 'grand piano') - (het) vleugje 2 ('whiff' - of perfume, for instance) - (de) vlinder ('butterfly') - de Vlist (a small river near the town of Gouda 2) - (de) vlieg ('fly') - vliegensvlug ([at flying speed] - 'very quick, very fast') - (de) vliering 2 ('attic' - with no walkable floor) - (het) vlies ('~membrane, ~film') - (de) vliet ('small stream') - (de) vlijt ('diligence, work effort) - (de) vlok 2 / vlokken 2 ('flake'/'flakes') - (het) vlot 2 3 ('raft') - vlotten 2 3 ('rafts') - (de) vlo 2 / vlooien 2 3 ('flea'/'fleas' - irregular plural) - (de) vloot 2 / vloten 2 ('fleet'/'fleets') - (de) vloed ('high tide') - vloeibaar 2 3 ('liquid') - (de) vloer ('floor, bottom') - (de) vloek ('curse') - (de) vlucht ('escape' // 'flight') - (de) vluchteling 2 ('refugee') - vlug 2 / vlug/vlugge 2 ('quick, fast, rapid') ‑>>
VO	- (het) vocht 2 ('liquid, fluid, juice') - vochtig 2 ('damp') - (het) vod 2 3 4 ('rag') - pural - vodden ('rags') - vol / volle 2 ('full') - volgen ('to follow') - (het) gevolg ('result') - "volluk!" 2 3 ("Hello) there, shop!" - slang) - from (het) volk 2 3 ('people, nation') - (de) revolver 2 ('revolver, handgun') - Vondel (Dutch 17th Century author) - (de) avond ('evening') - Yvonne (a girls' name) - (het) vonnis 2 ('sentence, judgement') - (de) vonk ('spark') - plural: - vonken 2 3 ('sparks') - Vorden (a town) - (de) vork ('fork') - (de) grondvorm 2 3 ('basic, "root" form, shape') - (de) duurvorm 2 ('the continuous, the progressive') ‑>> - (de) kikvors 2 ('frog') - also: - (de) kikker 2 3 ('frog') - (de) vorst 2 ('frost' // 'king') - (de) vos ('fox') - vos/vossen 2 ('fox/foxes')
VOO	- Ivo (a boys' name) - (de) avocado ('avocado') ‑>> - (de) advocaat 2 ('lawyer' // 'eggnog') - (de) voogd 2 ('guardian' - children's) - (de) vogel 2 ('bird') - plural: - vogels 2 3 4 5 ('birds') ‑>> - (de) evolutie 2 ('evolution') - voor 2 ('for' // 'before' // many other meanings) ‑>> - -voorde 2 (place name ending, like English '‑ford') - vantevoren 2 ('beforehand') - ervoor ('before it') - voort ('forth') ‑>>
VOE	- ondervoed 2 3 (underfed, malnourished') - voederen 2 ('to feed - animals) - (de) voeding 2 ('nutrition') - (het) voedsel ('food') - (de) voedingswaarde 2 ('nutritional values' ‑>> - voedzaam 2 3 ('nutritious') - toevoegen 2 ('to add') - (de) vervoeging 2 ('conjugation') - (het) voorvoegsel 2 ('prefix') - (het) achtervoegsel 2 3 ('suffix') - voelen 2 ('to feel') ‑>> - voelen 2 ('to feel') ‑>> - aanvoelen 2 3 ('to sense,' to notice non-verbally, intuitively) - (het) gevoel / gevoelens 2 ('feeling'/'feelings' - irregular plural) - gevoelig 2 ('sensitive') - (het) voer / - (het) groenvoer ([green food] '~vegetables') - (de) toevoer 2 ('supply, provisioning') (het) veevoer ('feed, fodder' - food for animals) - (de) woordvoerder 2 3 4 ('spokesperson') - (de) voet 2 / voeten 2 ('foot'/'feet') - (het/de) voetbal ('soccer' // 'soccer ball') - stapvoets 2 3 ('step-by-step, slow, measured') - voetvolk 2 3 ('[foot people] foot soldiers')
VOU	- (de) eenvoud 2 ('simplicity') ‑>> - eenvoudig / eenvoudige 2 / eenvoudig/eenvoudige 2 ('simple, easy to solve') - (het) enkelvoud 2 ('singular' - grammar) ‑>> - (het) meervoud 2 ('plural' - grammar) ‑>> - (de) vouw ('fold') - vouwen 2 ('to fold') - (de) vouwfiets ('folding bicycle')
VR	- (de) vracht 2 3 ('load, burden') - (de) vrachtauto ('truck') - (de) vrachtwagen ('truck') - (de) vraag 2 ('question') - vragen 2 ('to ask') ‑>> - wij vraten 2 ('we were eating like beasts') - (de) vrek ('miser, scrooge') - Jacobus Vrel 2 3 (a painter, active ca. 1654-1662) - (de) vrede ('peace') - vreemd / vreemde ('strange') - (de) vrees ('fear') - vreesde 2 ('feared' - singular simple past of: - vrezen 2 3 ('to fear') - French OEU, pronounced as 'voiceless, unstressed E' (the 'schwa') - (het) oeuvre ('an artist's body of work') - (de) manoeuvre 2 ('maneuver, strategic move') - but the OEU of the Dutchified verb - manoeuvreren 2 ('to maneuver') is pronounced as OO - Dutch OE: - (de) vreugde (2) ('joy, delight - old-fashioned) - een korte vreugde 2 ('a short happiness') - (de) vriend 2 ('friend') - vriendelijk / vriendelijke 2 / vriendelijk/vriendelijke ) ('friendly, kind') - vriezen ('to freeze') - vrij / vrije 2 / - vrij/vrije 2 3 4 ('free') - (de) vrijheid 2 ('liberty') - vrolijk ('cheerful, merry') ‑>> - vroom 2 / vroom/vrome 2 ('pious') - (de) vroedvrouw 2 3 ('midwife') - vroeg / vroege ('early') ‑>> - vroeger ('earlier' // 'in the past') ‑>> - (de) vrouw ('woman') - plural: - vrouwen ('women' - also: 'queens' in cards) - de vrouw 2 ('the woman') - mevrouw 2 3 ('Mrs.' // "Ma'am") - (de) vrucht - plural: - vruchten 2 3 ('fruit' / 'fruits') - (het) vruchtensap 2 ('fruit juice') - vruchtbaar ('fertile') The W in Dutch WR is pronounced as V: - (het) wrak ('wreck') - (de) wraak ('revenge') - wreed / wrede ('cruel') - ik wring 2 ('I'm wringing, squeezing') - (het) gewricht 2 ('joint, ~connection') - (de) wrok ('grudge, rancor') - verwrongen ('twisted, distorted') - wrijven 2 ('to rub') - (de) wrijving 2 ('friction') - (de) wroeging ('remorse, feeling bad about past actions) more WR
VU	- vulgair 2 (Frech AIR - 'vulgar') - (de) vulkaan ('volcano') - vullen 2 ('to fill') - (het) vulles ('garbage' - slang for - (het) vuilnis ('garbage, refuse') - (de) vulpen 2 ('fountain pen') - (de) vut (early retirement program - originally V.U.T.) - Vught (a city)
VUU	- (het) vuur 2 ('fire') - vuren 2 ('fires' // 'to fire' - weapons) - vurig ('fiery, fervent, ardent, passionate') - (het) kruisvuur 2 ('cross fire') - (het) kampvuur ('camp fire') - (het) koudvuur (imaginary fireworks 'cold fire') - puur vuur ('pure fire') - (de) vuurdoop 2 ("baptism by fire") - (de) vuurpijl ([fire- arrow] 'flare' - signal, fireworks) - (de) vuurproef ('trial by fire, a serious challenge') - vuurrood 2 ('fiery red') - (de) vuursteen 2 ([fire-stone] - 'flint') - (het) vuurtje 2 ('little fire' - to light a cigarette) - (de) vuurtoren 2 ('lighthouse') - vuurvast 2 ('fireproof' - ceramics) - (het) vuurwapen ('firearm') - (het) vuurwerk ('fireworks')
VUI	[(het)] vuil 2 ('dirt, garbage' // 'dirty') - vuile ('dirty') - vuil / vuile 2 ('dirty') ‑>> - vervuild 2 ('polluted, 'dirtied') - (het) vuiltje 2 3 ('speck of dirt, very small piece of garbage') - oud vuil 2 3 ('[old garbage] absolute garbage, stuff that has to go') - (het) huisvuil 2 ('household garbage') - (de) vuist 2 ('fist') - (de) vuistbijl ([fist-axe] 'hand axe') - (de) schavuit 2 3 ('rogue')

AV	- (de) baviaan 2 ('baboon') - (de) avocado ('avocado') ‑>> - [(de)] favoriet ('favorite') - (het) avontuur 2 ('adventure') - (de) schavuit 2 3 ('rogue,' semi-criminal)
AAV	- (de) lava 2 3 4 ('lava,' molten rock from a volcano) - (het) Carnaval 2 ('Carnival') - ga verder 2 3 4 ([go further] - 'continue') - (de) gave 2 ('gift, donation' // 'gift, talent') - (de) navel 2 ('navel, bellybutton') - (de) klaver 2 3 ('clover' // 'clubs' in cards) - Waver (a town in Belgium) - (de) havik 2 3 ('hawk') - Batavia 2 (Jakarta, Indonesia during the Dutch colonial time) - Batavieren ('Batavians' - a tribe living 2000 years ago in what's now Holland - na vijven 2 ('after 5 o'clock') - (de) avond ('evening') - vanavond 2 ('this evening, tonight') - (de) MAVO (secondary school type - not said as an acronym) - Stavoren 2 (a town) - Batavus (a boys' name - also an old bicycle brand)
AUV	AUV - hear - OUV below
BV	- Rob van Glabbeek 2 3 (a computer scientist) - Ik heb vandaag geen hoofdpijn 2 3 4 ('I don't have a headache today') - ik heb veel geleerd 2 3 ('I have learned a lot') - ik heb verloren 2 ('I have lost')
CV	- Isaac van Ostade (a painter, 1621-1649)
CHV	- (de) pechvogel 2 ([bad-luck bird] 'a person who has much bad luck') - vis noch vlees 2 (saying) (['neither fish or meat'] - English says 'fish nor fowl' - 'difficult to identify') - zich vervelen 2 ('to be bored') ‑>> - zichvoorstellen 2 ('to imagine' // 'to introduce yourself') - zich voelen ('~to feel') ‑>>
DV	- (het) hoofdvak 2 ("major,"  'a student's main subject') - (het) aardvarken 2 3 ('aardvark') - (de) goudverf 2 3 4 ('gold paint') - goed verpakt 2 3 ('well-wrapped, well-packaged') - (de) zwaardvis 2 ('swordfish') - (de) adviseur 2 ('advisor') - de tijd vliedt 2 3 ("time flies") - (de) woordvolgorde 2 3 ('word order, sentence structure') ‑>> - roodvonk 2 3 [red spark] - 'scarlet fever' - a childhood disease) - (de) grondvorm 2 3 ('basic, "root" form, shape') - (de) broodvorm ('breadpan') - (de) woordvoerder 2 3 4 ('spokesperson') - Zandvoort (a town) - (de) vroedvrouw 2 3 ('midwife') - (het) koudvuur 2 ("cold fire") - oud vuil 2 3 ('[old garbage] absolute garbage, stuff that has to go')
EV	-
EEV	- meevallen 2 ('turning out not to be as bad as expected') ‑>> - steevast 2 3 ('regular') - Eva 2 (a girls' name) - even 2 3 ('a moment' // 'equally, just as' // 'even' - numbers) ‑>> - hevig 2 / hevige 2 ('intense, fierce, serious' [think of 'heavy' and 'hefty']) - zeven ('7') - Greven 2 3 (a family name) - kleverig / kleverige 2 ('sticky') - (de) omgeving 2 3 ('surroundings, environment') - Flevoland 2 (the new province of reclaimed land) ‑>> - (de) revolutie 2 ('revolution') - (het) veevoer ('fodder,' animal food)
EuhV	- (het) geval ('case') - (het) gevalletje 2 ('vey minor incident' // 'small contraption') - gevaarlijk 2 3 ('dangerous') - wij bevalen ('we ordered') - (het) bevel ('command, order') - (het) gevecht 2 3 ('fight') - tevergeefs 2 3 ('in vain, without result') - bevelen 2 ('to order, to command') - een kudde vee ('a herd of cattle') - vieze vis ('bad-tasting fish') - Elsevier (a family name - also a publishing company) - (de) blinde vlek 2 3 ('blind spot' - usually in the eye) - waardevol 2 ('valuable') - (de) revolver 2 ('revolver, handgun') - (het) gevoel ('feeling') ‑>> - tevreden ('content, satisfied, ~happy') - mevrouw 2 3 ('Mrs.' // "Ma'am") bevelen / beval / bevolen ('to order / ordered / ordered') ‑>>
EIV	Hear IJV below
EUV	- deuvels ('dowels' - carpentry) - (de) heuvel / heuvels 2 ('hill/hills') - zeuven ('7' - old-fashioned)
FV	- (het) afval 2 ('garbage') - afvegen 2 3 ('to wipe') - (de) afvoer 2 ('drain') - vijfvoud 2 3 ('five-fold') - (het) zelfvertrouwen 2 ('self-confidence') - zelfverzekerd 2 ('self-assured, very self-confident') - vorm of vent 2 3 4 ([structure or personality - the shape of a narrative or the author's character] - schools of literary criticism)
GV	- (het) vliegveld 2 ('airport') - erg veel 2 ('very much, really much, a lot') - (de) gezagvoerder 2 3 4 ('leading officer, officer in charge' - on an airplane) - oogverblindend 2 ([eye-blinding] 'very bright' - light) - bang voor 2 ('afraid of')
IV	- hooivork see JV below
IEV	- (de) rivaliteit ('rivalry') - divers 2 / divers/diverse 2 ('divers, varied') - (de) universiteit ('university') - Olivier 2 (a boys' name) - triviaal 2 ('trivial') - (het) privilege 2 ('privilege') - (de) rivier ('river') - plural - (de) rivieren ('rivers') - (het) ivoor ('ivory') - (het) niveau ('level' - French EAU, pronounced as 'long O'
IJV	- ijverig 2 3 4 5 ('hard-working, diligent, industrious') - (de) bijval 2 3 ('~support') - lijven 2 ('bodies' - slang) - blijven 2 ('to stay, remain') ‑>> - Nijvel 2 (a town in Belgium) - Nijverdal (a town) - drijven 2 3 ('to float' // 'to drive' - cattle etc.) - schrijven 2 3 ('to write') ‑>> - SCHR - wrijven 2 ('to rub') - WR - (de) wrijving 2 ('friction') - (de) vijver ('pond') - (de) veelwijverij ([many-wives thing] - 'polygamy') - bijvoorbeeld 2 ('for example, for instance') ‑>>
JV	- (de) hooivork ('hayfork, pitchfork')
KV	- de mok van Piet 2 ('Piet's mug') - een boek van Vestdijk 2 3 ('a book by Vestdijk') - weet ik veel (["know I much"] - 'I don't know and I don't care') - sterk verhaal 2 3 ([strong] - 'tall tale') - (de) blikvergiftiging 2 3 ('tin can poisoning' - when you leave food in an open can) - leuk vinden 2 ('to enjoy') ‑>> - (de) waakvlam ('pilot [flame] light') - smaakvol ('tasteful, in good taste') - tjokvol ('chock- full, very full') - (de) bakvorm ('baking tin') - (de) kikvors 2 ('frog') - (de) jonkvrouw ('noble lady')
LV	(de) alvleesklier ('pancreas') - (de) zilvervliesrijst 2 ([silver husk] - 'brown rice') - alvast 2 3 4 5 (~already, in advance, ~meanwhile') ‑>> - zalven 2 ('to apply cream' // 'to anoint') - Alva 2 (Spanish governor of The Low Countries at the start of the Dutch Revolt) - (de) walvis ('whale') - behalve ('except for') - (de) welvaart ('prosperity') - delven ('to dig, to mine') - heel veel 2 3 ('very much, a lot') - (het) veelvlak 2 ('polygon') - (het) zilver 2 3 ('silver') - Hilversum (a town) - golven 2 ('waves') - wolven ('wolves') - Vilvoorde 2 (a town in Belgium) - (de) peulvrucht 2 3 ([pod-fruit] - 'legume, bean') - Sylvia (a girls' name) delven - dolf - gedolven 2 ('to dig - dug - dug')
MV	- omvallen 2 ('to fall over') - (de) omvang 2 ('extent') - in naam van 2 3 ('in the name of, on behalf of, by authority of') - (het) atoomventiel 2 ('"atom" valve' - 1950s new tire valve) - (het) pluimvee 2 ([plumed cattle] - 'poultry, farm birds') - (de) stroomversnelling 2 3 ('rapids, whitewater') - (de) Stormvloedkering ('storm-surge barrier') - (de) stemvork 2 ('tuning fork') - een boom voor het huis ('a tree in front of the house - Vechten om voedsel 2 3 ('Fighting over food') - (de) kraamvrouw ('new mother')
NV	- (de) aanval 2 ('attack') - tegenvallen 2 3 4 ('to be worse than expected, to disappoint') ‑>> - aanvaarden 2 ('to accept') - (de) schoonvader ('father-in-law') - vier lagen verf ('4 layers of paint') - Van Veen 2 (a family name) - een verzetje 2 ('an amusement, a welcome interruption') - Rhijnvis (a boys' name - traditional) - 'n vlaag wind ('a gust of wind') - Van Vliet 2 (a family name) - (het) hoornvlies ('cornea' - eye) - (de) invloed 2 ('influence') - een vlucht vogels 2 ('a flock of birds') - 'n voetbalelftal ('a soccer team' - 11) - (het) groenvoer ('green food, vegetables' - somewhat contemptuous) - zinvol 2 3 ('useful, sensible') - onvoltooid 2 3 4 5 ('unfinished') - Steenvoorde 2 3 (a town in Belgium) - zorgen voor 2 3 ('to take' care of') ‑>> - (de) eenvoud 2 ('simplicity') ‑>>
OV	-
OOV	- [(de)] ovaal ('oval') ‑>> - november ('November') ‑>> - zoveel 2 3 4 ('so much, so many') ‑>> - (de) oven ('oven') - stoven 2 ('to stew') - (de) provincie 2 ('province') - (de) verdoving 2 ('anesthesia')
OEV	- (de) rivieroever ('river bank') - boeven 2 ('criminals' - often jocular) - Coevorden 2 (a town hoeven ('hooves' - horn on horses' feet) // and see also - hoeveel ('how much, how many?') ‑>> - (de) hoeveelheid / hoeveelheden 2 ('amount'/'amounts') - bedroevend 2 ('saddening') - droevig / droevige ('sad') - (de) steengroeve ('stone quarry') - proeven 2 ('to taste' // 'experiments') - (de) beproeving 2 3 4 ('challenge, test, hardship') - schroeven ('screws' // 'to screw screws') - (het) toeval ('chance, coincidence') ‑>> - toevoegen 2 ('to add') - (de) toevoeging 2 ('addition') - zoeven 2 ('~to move quickly, to zoom, swish')
OUV	- (het) houvast 2 3 ('hold, grip,' "fixed point") - André Rouvoet (a politician)
PV	- opvallen 2 ('to stand out' // 'to notice') - onopvallend ('inconspicuous') - (de) stopverf 2 ('putty') - (het) soepvlees 2 ([soup meat] - 'stew beef') - (de) opvolger 2 ('successor') - (de) doopvont 2 ('baptismal fount') - ik blijf hoopvol 2 3 ('I remain hopeful') ‑>> - stapvoets 2 3 ("foot pace" - 'slow-moving') - [(de)] diepvries 2 3 ('freezer' // 'frozen' - food) - opvullen 2 ('to fill, fill up') - (het) kampvuur ('campfire')
RV	- (het) verval 2 ('decline') - (het) voorval 2 ('incident') - vuurvast 2 ('fireproof, fire-resistant') - (de) ervaring ('experience') - (de) servet 2 ('napkin') - (het) servetje 2 3 ('small napkin') - bederven 2 ('to spoil') ‑>> - vervelend ('annoying, irritating') - zich vervelen 2 ('to be bored') ‑>> - vervellen 2 ([to change) skin] - 'to shed skin') - [(de)] reserve 2 3 ('spare') - oorverdovend 2 ([ear-deafening] - 'ear-splitting,' very loud) - durven 2 (to dare) ‑>> - nerveus 2 ('nervous') - Servië ('Serbia') - (het) servies 2 3 ('crockery, china:' plates, cups & glasses) - (de) ijzervijl 2 ('file for iron') - (de) geurvlag 2 3 ('scent marker' - dogs) - Biervliet 2 (a town) - (de) hervorming 2 ('reformation') - overvol 2 3 4 5 ('overfull, too full') - (de) duurvorm 2 ('the continuous, the progressive') ‑>> - ervoor ('before it') - ondervoed 2 3 ('malnourished' [underfed]) - (het) achtervoegsel 2 3 ('suffix') - (het) voorvoegsel 2 ('prefix') - (het) meervoud 2 ('plural') ‑>> - (de) buurvrouw 2 ('neighbor' - female, adult)
SV	- (het) vriesvak 2 3 (freezer part of refrigerator) - (de) visvangst ('catch' - of fish) - rotsvast 2 3 ('rock-solid') - (het) grasveld ('lawn' [grass field] - (het) kaarsvet 2 ('candle [grease] wax') - (de) voedingsvezel ('nutritional fiber') - (de) huisvredebreuk 2 ([house-peace-breaking] - 'unlawful entry') - (de) spijsvertering ('digestion') - spoorloos verdwenen 2 ('disappeared without a trace') - (de) verblijfsvergunning 2 ('residency permit') - (de) schertsvertoning 2 3 ('totally failed presentation,' - "joke") - (de) wijsvinger ([pointing] 'index finger') - (de) gasvlam ('gas flame') - (de) huisvlijt 2 3 ('home industry') - vliegensvlug ([at flying speed] - 'very quick, very fast') - (de) ijsvogel 2 3 ('kingfisher' - a bird) - zesvoudig ('six-fold, 6 times') - (de) persvrijheid 2 3 ('freedom of the press') - (het) ijsvrij 2 (time off from school so children can go skating) - (de) huisvrouw 2 3 ('housewife, homemaker') - (het) kruisvuur 2 ('cross fire') - (het) huisvuil 2 ('household garbage')
TV	- 't vasteland 2 3 ('the mainland') - 't valt mee 2 ('it's not as bad as I/we feared') - (de) biechtvader 2 ('father-confessor') - (de) grootvader ('grandfather') - niet vaak ('not often, rarely') - rechtvaardig ('just, fair') ‑>> - 't Verre Oosten 2 ('the Far East') - Rietveld (a family name) - (de) straatveger 2 ('street sweeper') - (het) vorstverlet ('building stop because of freezing weather) - (de) uitvinder 2 ('inventor') - (de) altviool 2 ('viola') - (het) vruchtvlees 2 ('pulp' [fruit-meat'] - the solid, edible part of fruit') - (de) nachtvlinder 2 ('large moth' - [butterfly of the night]) - (het) netvlies 2 ('cornea' - eye) - (het) voetvolk 2 3 ('foot soldiers') - (de) nachtvorst 2 ('frost at night') - de uitvreter ('the Scrounger' - famous novella by Nescio - vetvrij papier 2 3 4 5 ('wax paper') - (de) gastvrijheid 2 3 4 5 6 7 ('hospitality') - roestvrij staal 2 ('stainless steel' - [rust-free]) - (de) sportvrouw ('sportswoman') - uit 't vuistje 2 3 ([from the fist] - eating bread by hand, not with utensils from a plate)
UV	-
UUV	- Duvel (a Belgian beer brand)
UIV	- (de) duivel ('devil') ('covered wagon') - duiven ('pigeons, doves') - huiveren (2) ('to shiver, shudder from fear') - snuiven 2 3 ('to sniff, sniffle') - druiven ('grapes') - schuiven 2 3 ('to slide') - (het) schuivertje 2 3 ('sliding or pushing tool') - (de) stuiver 2 ('nickel,' 5¢ coin) wuiven 2 ('to wave') - (de) zuivel ('dairy') - zuiver 2 3 ('pure') - Pieter Stuyvesant 2
WV	- bouwvakkers 2 ('construction workers') ‑>>) - "de Bouwvak" ('construction workers vacation, holiday') - (de) bouwval 2 ('ruin, dilapidated building') - flauwvallen 2 ('to faint') - sneeuwvlokken 2 ('snowflakes')
XV	- Waddinxveen (a town)
YV	- Yvonne (a girls' name)

Compare the sound of Dutch F, V and W

Major Exceptions to the Phonetic Spelling of Dutch:
- Page 1:   een   -IG   -ISCH   -LIJK  
- Page 2:   -B   -D   SCHR   -TIE   UW   WR

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Gij zult niet stelen 'Thou shalt not steal'